SPAMAST Research Journal
type: channel
description: The SPAMAST Research Journal (SRJ) is a peer-reviewed scholarly publication dedicated to disseminating high-quality research across various disciplines. Established in 1998, the journal serves as a platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share findings, innovations, and advancements in their respective fields, contributing to knowledge and technology development. Originally focused on agriculture and fisheries in Davao Occidental and surrounding provinces, SRJ has expanded its reach by converting its publications to an online format to reach a broader global audience.
publisher: Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology
language: en
publication name: SPAMAST Research Journal
issn: 1655-8839
items: Strengthening Coastal Resilience through Science-Based Mangrove Governance in Davao Occidental, Philippines
items: Global Research Trend on Dissolved Oxygen as a Water Quality Indicator
items: From Impact to Insight: A Bibliometric Mapping of Research on Anthropogenic Activities
items: Development and Acceptability of Ready-To-Drink (RTD) Mixed Vegetable Juice
items: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Exited 4P’s Beneficiaries Through the Unique Lens of the Ecological System
items: Primary Productivity of Coastal Watersin Malita, Davao Occidental
items: Speaking Anxiety: Through The Faces of Students in SPAMAST
items: Low Self-Control and Cyber Victimization Among Spamast Students: The Mediating Effect of Cyberspace Addiction
items: The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation Attitude Toward Social Support and Aggression Among Selected Senior High School Students in Davao Occidental
items: Earning On the Street: Occupational Experiences of Women Fish Vendors
items: Level Of Curfew Hour Implementation and Public Safety and Law Enforcement in Sta. Maria, Davao Occidental
items: The Challenges Experienced by Teenage Mothers in Davao Occidental: A Qualitative Study
items: Forecasting of Rice Crop Production Using a Recurrent Neural Network
items: Modeling Students’ Mental Health and Academic Performance In the New Normal
items: Workforce Diversity and Creative Process Engagement of Public School Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
items: Development of Kalamansi Powder in Different Variants Using the Spray Drying Method
items: SPAMAST Food Resiliency: Itikan sa Pamantasan Project (IPP) - Itik Pinas (Khaki)
items: A Case Study on the Implementation of the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-Asa Program: Basis for Strategic Development Plan
items: Production and Yield of Milkfish Reared in a Pond Using Probiotics
items: Promoting Food Resilience through Palaisdaan sa Pamayanan Project
items: Parental Involvement, Students’ Engagement, And Performance in Mathematics: A Path Analysis
items: Visualization And Geotagging Of Selected Mangrove Species In Davao Del Sur
items: Programs and Services During the October 2019 Mindanao Earthquake: Experiences, Level of Satisfaction, and Challenges Among Survivors in Makilala, North Cotabato
items: Consumers’ Preferences on Different Kalamansi Nip Variants (Plain Kalamansi, With Carrots, With Cucumber, With Chayote)
items: Enhancing Awareness on S&T-Based Production Practices of Mango Growers
items: A Structural Model of The Factors Affecting Mathematics Performance in Distance Learning Approach
items: Relationship Of Learners’ Attitude Towards Science and Distance Learning to Academic Performance in Science
items: Sleep Quality and Laboratory Performance of Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education Studentsof SPAMAST
items: Effectiveness of Strategic Materials in Addressing Learning Difficulties in Science 5 Subject
items: Growth And Yield Performance of Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) As Applied with Vermitea as Organic Fertilizer

Strengthening Coastal Resilience through Science-Based Mangrove Governance in Davao Occidental, Philippines
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description: Mangrove rehabilitation represents a significant public investment in Davao Occidental; however, outcomes remain inconsistent and, in many cases, inefficient. Empirical field evidence from the municipalities of Malita and Santa Maria indicates survival rates ranging from 70% to more than 95%. This variability is primarily attributed to persistent site–species mismatch, continued overreliance on Rhizophora species, and weak post-planting monitoring systems. These systemic issues undermine the ecological and economic objectives of mangrove rehabilitation, including coastal protection, fisheries productivity, and climate change adaptation, while also resulting in inefficient use of public resources. Local empirical studies further demonstrate that science-based and site-specific mangrove rehabilitation approaches particularly those incorporating soil and hydrological assessments, species diversification, and sustained community-based monitoring can consistently achieve survival rates exceeding 95%. Despite this evidence, such approaches remain fragmented and are not fully institutionalized within provincial and municipal policy frameworks. These policy brief therefore calls for the institutionalization of a standardized, science-based mangrove governance framework at the provincial level. Such a framework must mandate site–species matching, promote diversified planting strategies, and establish community-based monitoring systems, all supported by formalized partnerships between local government units (LGUs) and academic institutions. Given the increasing intensity of climate-related hazards, failure to reform current rehabilitation practices will continue to weaken coastal resilience and result in the inefficient allocation of public funds. Immediate and decisive provincial action is therefore necessary to translate existing scientific evidence into sustainable, cost-effective, and resilient coastal governance mechanisms.
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creator: John Paul Pacyao
creator: Jessa May Jessa May D. Marquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 John Paul R. Pacyao, Marquez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-12-30
publication date: 2026-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v9i1.45

Global Research Trend on Dissolved Oxygen as a Water Quality Indicator
type: item
description: Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a fundamental indicator of water quality and a key regulator of biological, chemical, and physical processes in coral reef ecosystems. This study investigates global research trends on dissolved oxygen from 2000 to 2025 using a comprehensive bibliometric approach. A total of 738 publications from 276 sources were analyzed through performance metrics and science mapping techniques, including co-occurrence networks, thematic mapping, and conceptual structure analysis. Results reveal a significant increase in scientific output, with an annual growth rate of 12.73%, reflecting growing attention to ocean deoxygenation and its ecological impacts. Dissolved oxygen is identified as an integrative parameter linking ecosystem metabolism, including photosynthesis and respiration, with environmental stressors such as ocean acidification, climate change, and nutrient enrichment. Thematic evolution indicates a transition from organism-level studies to ecosystem-scale and multi-stressor frameworks, where DO is increasingly examined alongside coral bleaching, eutrophication, and reef degradation. Keyword and cluster analyses highlight the dominance of climate-related drivers, while DO remains an emerging but rapidly developing research focus. Conceptual mapping further demonstrates the role of DO in connecting physiological processes with large-scale biogeochemical dynamics. Despite its growing importance, gaps persist in understanding spatial and temporal variability, threshold responses, and interactions with other stressors. The findings emphasize the need for high-resolution monitoring, interdisciplinary research, and integration of DO into coral reef management strategies. Overall, dissolved oxygen is reaffirmed as a critical metric for assessing ecosystem health, resilience, and future trajectories of coral reefs in a rapidly changing ocean.
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creator: Maerel Joy Lopez
creator: Reymard Pagonan
creator: Charlie Jagna
creator: Febiedeniza Lebios
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maerel Joy M. Lopez, Reymard B. Pagonan, Charlie T. Jagna, Febiedeniza Lebios https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 71
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v8i1.44

From Impact to Insight: A Bibliometric Mapping of Research on Anthropogenic Activities
type: item
description: Focusing on aquatic and marine ecosystems, this paper provides a full bibliometric review of scientific literature on anthropogenic activities and environmental impacts. The analysis based on a dataset of 1,000 published documents between 1999 and 2015, which emanated from 539 sources, considered factors such as trends in publications, thematic structure, collaboration patterns, and field conceptual development. Results indicate a well-growing body of research, this being attested by a yearly growth rate of 33.48% and an average citation rate of 64.14 citations per document, which epitomizes great scholarly influence and continued interest in the subject matter. Keyword co-occurrence networks and conceptual mapping identify the dominant themes as climate change, biodiversity, human impact, anthropogenic disturbance, and water quality, further confirming the significant position of human-driven environmental change within contemporary ecological research. Thematic analysis further divides it into two major research fields: environmental contamination and ecosystem response and management. Temporal analysis clearly shows this: earlier studies on paleoecology and historical baselines give way to the latest studies on climate change, biodiversity loss, and applied environmental management. Patterns in collaboration show a highly cooperative research landscape, ranging from 4.63 co-authors per document, which is a reflection of the interdisciplinary nature of the studies looking at complex human-environment interactions. Other bibliometric indicators, including Bradford's law and thematic mapping, also reflect a mature research structure with core journals and established knowledge hubs. From marine science perspective, findings highlight that ecosystem degradation is often linked to anthropogenic stressors such as pollution, changed land use, and climate-induced disturbances.
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creator: Jessie James Medel
creator: Roberto Gecera
creator: Laurence Guindolan
creator: Janny Garcia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jessie James B. Medel, Roberto P. Gecera, Laurence A. Guindolan, Janny B. Garcia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-23
publication date: 2025-01-23
starting page: 35
ending page: 54
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v8i1.43

Development and Acceptability of Ready-To-Drink (RTD) Mixed Vegetable Juice
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description: This study, conducted at Sustainable Agriculture and Fishery Enterprise (SAFE) in Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST) Buhangin campus, Buhangin, Malita, Davao Occidental, explored the development and acceptability of a ready-to-drink (RTD) vegetable juice using varying combinations of carrot, chayote, and bottle gourd. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was utilized, with seven treatments replicated three times. Sensory attributes—appearance, odor, color, taste, and general acceptability—were evaluated by 30 randomly selected panelists composed of students, faculty, and staff of SPAMAST Buhangin Campus. Physico-chemical properties, including pH, titratable acidity (TTA), and total soluble solids (TSS), were also analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Findings showed that Treatment 1 (100% carrot juice) consistently achieved the highest sensory ratings for appearance, color, taste, and overall acceptability, with statistically significant differences across treatments for these parameters (p < 0.05). Odor, however, showed no significant variation. Physicochemical analysis revealed that Treatment 1 had a relatively low pH (3.70), the highest TTA (0.570%), and the highest TSS (12), which contributed to its more favorable flavor profile. These findings indicate the potential for further product optimization and marketability, sparking optimism for the future of RTD vegetable juice.
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creator: Mark Luigi J Joyce
creator: Japhet Tindan
creator: Grace Buencillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mark Luigi J. Joyce, Japhet O. Tindan, Grace D. Buencillo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-30
publication date: 2025-01-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 34
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v8i1.39

Exploring the Lived Experiences of Exited 4P’s Beneficiaries Through the Unique Lens of the Ecological System
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description: The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of exited 4P's beneficiaries through the Ecological System Perspective in Malita, Davao Occidental, using a phenomenological research design. A purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of two (2) household participants of the study. In the collection of qualitative data, a structured interview guide questionnaire was used in the form of face-to-face, in-depth interviews. To analyze the responses, thematic analysis was employed. The first central theme revealed was the varied reactions after graduating from the program, including maintaining good relationships even after graduation, promoting learning, supporting financially, fear of not completing studies, remaining positive, becoming inactive in class, fostering good family relations, and trusting God. The second theme involved realizations after exiting the program, which included remaining unchanged, becoming frugal, being thankful, and becoming independent. Thus, this study provides knowledge and understanding of the situation of the 4Ps exited beneficiaries based on their lives after graduation. This may be considered in intensifying the 4Ps programs in relation to their benefits and significance in the lives of their beneficiaries.
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creator: Marry Antonette Berino
creator: Lovely Mae Bancel
creator: Julie Ann Deseo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marry Antonette O. Berino, Lovely Mae S. Bancel, Julie Ann U. Deseo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-30
publication date: 2025-01-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v8i1.38

Primary Productivity of Coastal Watersin Malita, Davao Occidental
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description: This study evaluates the primary productivity of coastal waters in Barangay Culaman, Malita, Davao Occidental, by analyzing physicochemical parameters and chlorophyll a concentration. The choice of these parameters was based on their significance in understanding the health and productivity of marine ecosystems. Surface and sub-surface water samples were collected from ten sampling points, and parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH were measured on-site. Chlorophyll concentrations were determined using spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicate stable and favorable conditions for marine life, with minimal stratification and uniform nutrient distribution. However, the potential impacts of human activities highlight the need for sustainable management practices to mitigate eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. The findings provide a scientific basis for policy recommendations and community actions aimed at preserving the ecological integrity of Malita's coastal waters.
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creator: Michae Jeriel Bersaldo
creator: Pedro Avenido
creator: Michelle Elemino
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Michae Jeriel I. Bersaldo, Pedro M. Avenido, Michelle M. Elemino (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-01-30
publication date: 2024-01-30
starting page: 77
ending page: 84
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v7i1.37

Speaking Anxiety: Through The Faces of Students in SPAMAST
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description: This qualitative study explores speaking anxiety among students at the Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST). Through interviews, two primary sources of anxiety—lack of self-confidence and fear of negative judgment—were identified. Students cope mainly through self-preparation and systematic exposure. Lessons learned highlight the importance of social interaction and building confidence. The findings underscore the need for supportive environments and targeted programs to help students manage anxiety and strengthen oral communication skills.
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creator: John David Condinato
creator: Reimare Encarnacion
creator: Aldrous Glenn Camino
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 John David T. Condinato, Reimare B. Encarnacion, Aldrous Glenn A. Camino (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-01-30
publication date: 2024-01-30
starting page: 70
ending page: 76
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v7i1.36

Low Self-Control and Cyber Victimization Among Spamast Students: The Mediating Effect of Cyberspace Addiction
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description: This study aimed to assess and explore the levels and relationships among low self-control, cyber victimization, and cyberspace addiction among students of Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST). Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 359 participants who completed adapted survey questionnaires. The results revealed that self-control varied across dimensions: physical activities received the highest ratings, while self-centeredness was lowest, resulting in an overall self-control mean. Cyber victimization scores indicated students experienced considerable distress, though the perceived severity of their victimization was lower, with the overall mean. For cyberspace addiction, online gaming was the most prominent, whereas social media addiction was less frequent, with a total mean. Correlation analyses showed moderate positive relationships between low self-control and cyber victimization, low self-control and cyberspace addiction, and cyberspace addiction and cyber victimization. Mediation analysis, confirmed by the Sobel Test, highlighted the significant role of cyberspace addiction in mediating the relationship between low self-control and cyber victimization, underscoring its importance in this dynamic. Additionally, cyberspace addiction directly impacts cyber victimization, further emphasizing the importance of addressing cyberspace addiction when considering factors that contribute to cyber victimization among students. These findings are essential for criminological research and interventions involving youth.
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creator: Geraldaine Mariano
creator: Sweety Pie Tin-Ao
creator: Jonel Mark Sarno
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Geraldaine B. Mariano, Sweety Pie B. Tin-Ao, Jonel Mark D. Sarno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-01-30
publication date: 2024-01-30
starting page: 45
ending page: 69
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v7i1.35

The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation Attitude Toward Social Support and Aggression Among Selected Senior High School Students in Davao Occidental
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description: This study investigated how self-regulation attitude mediates the relationship between social support and aggression among senior high school students in Davao Occidental. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the research sample included 110 students from eight secondary schools. The study employed standardized questionnaires: Sarason et al. (1983) for social support, Miller and Brown (1991) for self-regulation attitude, and Gerevich et al. (2007) for aggression. Data were analyzed through Mean and Standard Deviation, Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation, Medgraph, and the Sobel Z-Test. Results indicated that social support had a moderate grand mean (3.11), with appraisal support highest and self-esteem support lowest. Self-regulation attitude was also moderate (grand mean = 3.21), peaking in monitoring and lowest in receiving. Aggression, however, was high (grand mean = 3.79), with hostility at its highest and verbal aggression at its lowest. Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between social support and aggression (r = -0.392, p < .001), indicating that more social support is associated with less aggression. Additionally, there was a strong positive correlation between social support and self-regulation attitude (r = 0.838, p < .001), as well as a negative correlation between self-regulation and aggression (r = -0.222, p < .020). Mediation analysis identified self-regulation as a significant mediator between social support and aggression, with an indirect effect of 0.301 and a direct effect of -0.612. The Sobel test confirmed that increased social support boosts self-regulation, which subsequently leads to decreased aggression in students. These findings have significant implications for understanding and addressing adolescent aggression.
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creator: Glenn Cinco
creator: Adrian Maruya
creator: Jonel Mark Sarno
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Glenn L. Cinco, Adrian G. Maruya, Jonel Mark D. Sarno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-01-30
publication date: 2024-01-30
starting page: 21
ending page: 44
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v7i1.34

Earning On the Street: Occupational Experiences of Women Fish Vendors
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description: Fish street vending is an important activity that gives employment opportunities to many women. The goal of this study is to determine the occupational difficulties of women street vendors as well as how they cope and act in the face of adversity, and their learning insights while doing the job. The researchers employed a transcendental phenomenological design that involves the researcher bracketing themselves through acknowledging experiences with the phenomenon under investigation. Ten women fish vendors who are presently living in Malita, Davao Occidental, were chosen as participants through purposive sampling. Following intensive analysis, the results were organized into themes and core ideas. The themes highlight participants’ exact experiences, such as occupational difficulties, coping mechanisms to alleviate problems, and realizations in doing the job. It was shown that women street vendors were motivated to start a business because of their family’s needs and to generate income. The issues or challenges they encountered in doing business include a lack of capital, hard physical labor, paying rentals, and challenging weather conditions. Street vendors also consider self-help strategies and loans as their primary coping strategies.
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creator: Karla Aspacio
creator: Febie Rose Morales
creator: Archie Mae Sarol
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Karla C. Aspacio, Febie Rose F. Morales, Archie Mae N. Sarol (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-01-30
publication date: 2024-01-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v7i1.33

Level Of Curfew Hour Implementation and Public Safety and Law Enforcement in Sta. Maria, Davao Occidental
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description: The study aimed to determine the level of curfew hour implementation as well as public safety and law enforcement in Sta. Maria, Davao Occidental, utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design. Specifically, it examined the respondents’ demographic profile, assessed the level of curfew hour implementation, evaluated the level of public safety and law enforcement implementation, and explored the significant relationship between curfew hour implementation and public safety and law enforcement. The study included 379 respondents from Sta. Maria, Davao Occidental, and used a research questionnaire adapted from the International Journal of English, Literature and Social Sciences (2020) and the Office of the Community Oriented Policing Services (2014). Statistical analyses included frequency and percentage, mean, and Spearman’s correlation analysis. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aged 16–18 years, female (50.1%), and Grade 12 students (31.9%). The effectiveness of curfew hour implementation was found to be moderately implemented, with a grand mean of 3.48, while the level of public safety and law enforcement implementation scored 3.68, indicating good status. The indicator of performance for public safety and law enforcement received the highest mean of 3.73, reflecting better performance by law enforcement agencies in the community. Overall, there was a significant relationship between curfew hour implementation and public safety and law enforcement. The study thus provides valuable insight for the community, local government units, and law enforcement officers regarding the importance of maintaining peace and order through intensified curfew hour implementation.
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creator: Gerald Engalan
creator: Romy Jane Badalo
creator: Jonel Mark Sarno
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Gerald B. Engalan, Romy Jane T. Badalo, Jonel Mark D. Sarno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-01-30
publication date: 2023-01-30
starting page: 70
ending page: 91
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v6i1.32

The Challenges Experienced by Teenage Mothers in Davao Occidental: A Qualitative Study
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description: One of the prevalent dilemmas today is teenage pregnancy. Teen pregnancy continues to be a problem for families, educators, health care professionals, and the government. Adolescent motherhood is defined as giving birth before reaching the age of twenty, regardless of marital status or legal adulthood. This study aimed to determine the challenges experienced by teenage mothers in Davao Occidental. A qualitative design using a phenomenological approach was applied, and eight adolescent mothers were chosen as participants through purposive sampling. The findings indicated that physical, emotional, and social challenges are common among teen mothers. Difficulties frequently included reconciling the demands of caring for a baby, added responsibilities after childbirth, and a lack of expertise needed for self-care and childcare. Many realized, through experience, the importance of completing their studies and listening to their parents. The study contributes to increased awareness of the frequent challenges faced by teenage mothers.
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creator: Beverly Dizon
creator: Jonisa Malbino
creator: Imelda Lauron
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Beverly P. Dizon, Jonisa D. Malbino, Imelda T. Lauron (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-01-30
publication date: 2023-01-30
starting page: 59
ending page: 69
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v6i1.31

Forecasting of Rice Crop Production Using a Recurrent Neural Network
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description: Rice holds immense significance in Filipinos' diets, is consumed nearly three times daily, and is a crucial dietary component. Using a recurrent neural network (RNN), this study seeks to develop and evaluate a web application for predicting rice crop production in Davao del Sur. The system enables the Davao del Sur agriculturist to anticipate rice crop production over the next four quarters. The model used in the system was designed to process and analyze sequential data, such as time series, by capturing and retaining long-term dependencies and patterns. The researcher used the rapid application development model for system development. It started with data preprocessing and prototyping, which involved close coordination with end users to collect their feedback for interface enhancements. The model's performance is evaluated using validation loss, training loss, mean squared error (MSE), and R-squared metrics. The model's parameters were fine-tuned by utilizing these metrics, resulting in an improved capability to learn from data and generate accurate forecasts. The web application offers administrators a login feature, providing them with data administration and reporting functionalities. In addition to accessing the forecasting information, users can generate reports to assist with decision-making. The model is trained and validated in testing, and the front-end's functionality is evaluated. The training results indicated the optimal model configuration; the optimal epoch for the model with a batch size of 16 is 200.
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creator: Antonette Albarracin
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Antonette R. Albarracin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-01-30
publication date: 2023-01-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 58
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v6i1.30

Modeling Students’ Mental Health and Academic Performance In the New Normal
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description: The study was conducted using the descriptive-correlational method. Employing random sampling and Slovin's formula, a total of 365 undergraduate students of SPAMAST were the subjects of the study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic profile, level of mental health, and academic performance of the students. Spearman correlation was utilized to investigate the relationship between the variables. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) generated the structural model that best fits mental health and academic performance. Results revealed that the respondents have positive mental health and satisfactory academic performance. Through correlational analysis, results showed that emotional, social, and psychological well-being have no significant relationship to academic performance. Further, a structural equation model that best fits mental health and academic performance revealed that social and psychological well-being positively influences academic performance. In contrast, emotional well-being has a negative influence. Moreover, it was revealed that emotional well-being was highly correlated with social and psychological well-being. At the same time, social well-being is highly correlated with psychological well-being. Hence, cultivating any of these factors will significantly enhance the other factors. The obtained best-fit model can explain 28% of the data being considered for the study.
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creator: Jea Farida Guroalim
creator: Aldwin Miranda
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Jea Farida R. Guroalim, Aldwin T. Miranda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-01-30
publication date: 2023-01-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 39
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v6i1.29

Workforce Diversity and Creative Process Engagement of Public School Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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description: This study was conducted to determine the level of workforce diversity, the level of creative process engagement, the relationship between workforce diversity and creative process engagement among public school teachers, and whether workforce diversity significantly influenced the creative process engagement of 124 public school teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bansalan, Davao del Sur. The study used mean, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (Pearson r), and regression analysis. Results revealed that the level of workforce diversity had a mean score of 4.11, and creative process engagement had a mean score of 4.50. Both were described as excellent, indicating that workforce diversity and creative process engagement were consistently observed. There was a significant relationship between workforce diversity and creative process engagement. Thus, public school teachers exposed to workforce diversity were highly engaged in creative processes. Furthermore, factors of workforce diversity, such as receptivity to diversity and diversity management, promotion of gender diversity, and hiring and retaining diverse employees, significantly influenced creative process engagement.
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creator: May Salvador
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 May C. Salvador (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-01-30
publication date: 2023-01-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v6i1.28

Development of Kalamansi Powder in Different Variants Using the Spray Drying Method
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description: This study evaluated the acceptability and innovation of spray-dried Kalamansi powder in three variants—Kalamansi with cucumber, carrots, and ginger—by employing sensory, nutrient, and microbial analyses. Results indicated that all variants were highly acceptable in terms of color, odor, taste, and overall preference, with the carrot variant standing out for its color and overall appeal. Nutrient analysis showed that the cucumber variant was highest in calories, carbohydrates, protein, magnesium, and phosphorus. In contrast, the carrot variant contained the most sodium, calcium, potassium, and iron, and the ginger variant had the highest moisture content. Microbial analysis confirmed the safety of the product, showing no detectable growth for 45 days and suggesting a longer shelf-life. This reassures consumers and stakeholders of the safety and quality of the product. Cost and return analysis revealed the ginger variant to be the most expensive at ₱378.54 per 160g pack, followed by carrot at ₱306.54, and cucumber at ₱228.50; each pack can make 8 liters (32 glasses) of juice, costing about ₱7 to ₱12 per glass. The findings underscore the potential of spray-dried Kalamansi powder variants as nutritious, safe, affordable, and innovative beverage options.
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creator: Edelyn Albiso
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Edelyn S. Albiso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 79
ending page: 90
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.27

SPAMAST Food Resiliency: Itikan sa Pamantasan Project (IPP) - Itik Pinas (Khaki)
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description: Itikan sa Pamantasan Project (IPP) is one of the Extension Projects by the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office through Davao Region Research, Development and Extension Network (DARRDEN) in collaboration with State Universities and Colleges in Davao Region. The Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST) is one of the recipients of the said project. Before the implementation of the project SPAMAST IPP, the team, together with DARRDEN, underwent benchmarking to observe and understand the management practices of the Itik-Pinas breed. A Memorandum of Agreement was signed between SPAMAST and the Department of Agriculture XI. SPAMAST established housing for the Itik-Pinas, prepared and provided feeds, and cared for 81 ducklings. The project launch was participated in by students, farmers, faculty, and staff. Monthly monitoring was conducted by DARRDEN personnel. At 18 weeks, ducks reach maturity simultaneously, merging (mating) between male and female at a 1:5 ratio. Data showed that male ducks obtained an average weight of 1,384.88 grams, while female ducks obtained 1,330.09 grams, respectively. From March 10 until July 22, 2022, the 70 ducklings consumed 16 sacks (50 kg/sack) of feeds (grower and layer) with an average of 7.5 kilograms per day. One week after merging, the male and female ducks started laying eggs. Daily collection of eggs continues. Eggs were processed into salted eggs, balut, and incubated for duckling production. An egg and meat processing seminar was conducted among agriculture students and faculty as target beneficiaries.
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creator: Elenito Bugawisan
creator: Eldum Limao
creator: Franz Jeemson Tan
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Elenito P. Bugawisan, Eldum L. Limao, Franz Jeemson Tan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 73
ending page: 78
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.26

A Case Study on the Implementation of the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-Asa Program: Basis for Strategic Development Plan
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description: This qualitative case study delved into the comprehension and experiences of beneficiaries of the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa (BP2) Program in Davao Occidental to formulate a strategic development plan. The study was grounded in the work of Srivastava et al. (2020), which emphasized development theories and literature acknowledging the intricate interplay between migration and development. Seven program beneficiaries participated in individual, in-depth interviews. Five significant themes emerged regarding the participants' understanding of the BP2 Program: pandemic response measures, advocacy for individual well-being, initiatives for rural and economic development, employment and income-generation strategies, and socioeconomic support. Additionally, six major themes surfaced concerning beneficiaries' experiences in social welfare, health, and employment support: orderly provision of financial and food assistance, availability of social and psychosocial services, access to medical and nutritional services, regular monitoring of health status, clear employment and livelihood opportunities, and feasible employment packages. In conclusion, the study yielded five strategies based on beneficiaries' experiences with BP2 implementation: enhancement of financial and logistic support, establishment of health assistance centers, creation of help and employment centers, augmentation of social services, and the need for program review and evaluation.
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creator: Dennis Sagbigsal
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Dennis S. Sagbigsal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 72
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.25

Production and Yield of Milkfish Reared in a Pond Using Probiotics
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description: The study was conducted to determine the potential of using probiotics to enhance milkfish production in ponds. The experiment, spanning 90 days, employed commercially available probiotics applied once a week. Two treatments, each with two replications, were carried out in a 200 sq. meter pond divided into four compartments. Milkfish fingerlings with an initial weight of 20.68 g were stocked at a density of one per sq. meter. Growth performance, water quality, and physicochemical parameters were monitored. The results revealed that milkfish reared with and without probiotics showed comparable growth and production, with no significant differences in final weight, daily weight gain, and survival rate. This finding provides reassurance about the effectiveness of probiotics in maintaining water quality, particularly in controlling ammonia levels. These findings suggest that probiotics can be a valuable tool in milkfish pond culture, allowing for improved growth and water quality management with limited water exchange.
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creator: Marlyn Llameg
creator: John Paul Pacyao
creator: Pedro Avenido
creator: Jessa Mae Dalogdog
creator: Allan Edgar Firman
creator: Dario Morastil
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Marlyn B. Llameg, John Paul R. Pacyao, Pedro M. Avenido, Jessa Mae R. Dalogdog, Allan Edgar Firman, Dario R. Morastil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 46
ending page: 51
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.24

Promoting Food Resilience through Palaisdaan sa Pamayanan Project
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description: This extension project, unique in its approach, aimed to enhance the productivity and profitability of inland/freshwater aquafarmers through capacity building and technical support. It fostered collaboration among Davao Region Research, Development, and Extension Network (DARRDEN) members in sustainable food production. The project's uniqueness lies in its comprehensive approach, which included a site survey to identify potential demo farm locations, resulting in the establishment of two demo ponds—one in Lacaron and another in Demoloc, Davao Occidental—both dedicated to tilapia culture (SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, 2015). Memoranda of Agreement were made with Local Government Units (LGUs) and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR, 2015). After six months of culture, these ponds yielded a harvest of 251 kg of Tilapia, with an average weight of 250 g—the yields and technical approaches align with recent trends in Philippine aquaculture extension (Malayang et al., 2020). Trainings covered tilapia pond culture, hatchery management, and post-harvest techniques, enabling participants to produce Tilanggit and Tilapia Lamayo and imparting knowledge on low-temperature preservation and proper fish handling (SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, 2015). The project effectively improved the knowledge and skills of beneficiaries in sustainable inland/freshwater fish culture, resulting in increased productivity and profitability for inland fish farmers. This multifaceted initiative successfully combined technical assistance, capacity building, and collaboration to drive positive outcomes for aquafarmers in the Davao Region.
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creator: Marlyn Llameg
creator: John Paul Pacyao
creator: Pedro Avenido
creator: Jessa Mae Dalogdog
creator: Allan Edgar Firman
creator: Dario Morastil
creator: Godofredo Lubat Jr.
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Marlyn B. Llameg, John Paul R. Pacyao, Pedro M. Avenido, Jessa Mae R. Dalogdog, Allan Edgar Firman, Dario R. Morastil, Godofredo Lubat Jr. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 45
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.23

Parental Involvement, Students’ Engagement, And Performance in Mathematics: A Path Analysis
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description: The study investigated the relationship between parental involvement, students' engagement, and their performance in Mathematics among Grade 9 students in selected public secondary schools in Malita, Davao Occidental, a region known for its unique educational challenges, during the school year 2021-2022. The research utilized a descriptive-correlational approach and various statistical tools, including Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and structural modeling (SEM). The study identified significant correlations between parental involvement and students' engagement, as well as between parental involvement and students' performance in Mathematics. Specifically, parents' role as home teachers, facilitators of independence, and sources of support was linked to students' engagement and performance in Mathematics. Notably, among the aspects of students' engagement, only "students' social engagement" exhibited a significant influence on Math performance, with a regression coefficient of 1.48. It implied that a one-standard-deviation increase in social engagement led to a 1.48-point improvement in Math performance. The regression model was Y = 79.35 + 1.48X1, where X1 represents the student's social engagement, with an associated R2 value of 0.054. The study established a path model illustrating that parental involvement, students' behavioral engagement, and social engagement significantly contributed to students' Mathematics performance. These findings emphasize the importance of parental involvement and specific dimensions of student engagement in enhancing Math performance among Grade 9 students.
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creator: Melque Camillo
creator: Carlito Balandra
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Melque A. Camillo, Carlito B. Balandra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-01-30
publication date: 2022-01-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 39
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v5i1.22

Visualization And Geotagging Of Selected Mangrove Species In Davao Del Sur
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description: The purpose of this study is to aid the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in monitoring the mangrove ecosystem. The android application provides modules that will capture and/or store mangrove details; geotagging of mangrove data, which will utilize Google maps for Davao del Sur; generate graphs presenting the total number of fully grown trees and propagules; establish an online database to sync locally captured data. Moreover, the leaf identification module was also developed as an added feature, where mangrove species have been identified according to their leaf features using the CNN classifier. The application development was carried out through the Rapid Application Development Model as a methodology. The study has been found successful in to its objectives, yet recommendations have been laid down. It has been recommended that the application should be dynamic in terms of modifying parameters of mangrove details; consider other mangrove species to be captured and/or stored; include indicating on what barangay the mangrove forest has been located to improve the usability of the project; use android phones with high GPS capability to attain minimal error on fetching coordinates; graphs API used must be locally hosted so that graphs will be loaded even without internet connectivity.
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creator: Rhea Mae Perito
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Rhea Mae L. Perito (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 97
ending page: 105
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.21

Programs and Services During the October 2019 Mindanao Earthquake: Experiences, Level of Satisfaction, and Challenges Among Survivors in Makilala, North Cotabato
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description: The October 2019 earthquakes caused bodily injuries, property damage, and displacement in Makilala, North Cotabato. All barangays were affected, with residents forced to live in camps. Given the limited time available, it was critical to assess survivors' access to programs and services in the camps. This study looked at the level of satisfaction of survivors in availing services such as health, law and order, camp coordination, camp management, and food and non-food items using the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality framework under the rights-based approach. Challenges and concerns faced when looking for opportunities for improvement were discovered. A questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale was used. Results showed that the majority of respondents were married, female, and between the ages of 17 and 31. All were residents of upland areas with farming as a primary occupation. Respondents "highly agree" on the availability of health and food and non-food goods, accessibility for vulnerable sectors, acceptability of services as a result of consultations, and the quality of services, particularly in their homes. In terms of the level of satisfaction, respondents were "extremely satisfied." The issues and obstacles found were related to perceived ailments and the maintenance of peace and order in camps.
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creator: Karla Cañedo-Aspacio
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Karla V. Cañedo-Aspacio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 78
ending page: 96
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.20

Consumers’ Preferences on Different Kalamansi Nip Variants (Plain Kalamansi, With Carrots, With Cucumber, With Chayote)
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description: The study was conducted to explore and introduce alternative variants in the processing of Kalamansi nip aside from the currently produced Kalamansi nip with ginger extract. An experiment was carried out using a Complete Randomized Design with four treatments: T1 – plain Kalamansi, T2 – Kalamansi with carrots, T3 – Kalamansi with cucumber, and T4 – Kalamansi with chayote, each replicated three times. Samples were subjected to sensory evaluation using a 9-point Hedonic Scale, assessing taste, odor, color, and general acceptability, with 90 evaluators—mostly female, in their late 20s, college graduates, and married—participating. Nutrient analysis and cost-return analysis were also performed for each treatment. Results showed that all the proposed variants were acceptable and viable for market introduction, concluding that chayote, carrots, and cucumber are promising variants in terms of both acceptability and nutrient content. Furthermore, Kalamansi nip juice production offered a potential return on sales of 32% to 33%, generating a net income of ₱37 to ₱40 per bottle, which could triple when processed further into Kalamansi juice, yielding ₱121 to ₱125 per 350-ml bottle.
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creator: Edelyn Albiso
creator: Jamaica Meralles
creator: Richel Joy Bitgue
creator: Imelda Mariano
creator: Erlinda Palacio
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Edelyn S. Albiso, Jamaica Meralles, Richel Joy Bitgue, Imelda Mariano, Erlinda M. Palacio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 63
ending page: 77
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.19

Enhancing Awareness on S&T-Based Production Practices of Mango Growers
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description: The project aimed to evaluate the current challenges associated with management practices encountered by both mango growers and spray contractors. One of the highlights of this project was the information dissemination on the production practices in mango production. Proper pruning and appropriate usage of fertilizers and pesticides were also given emphasis. It was observed that mango production relied heavily on chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides. One of the challenges for the spray contractors was the farm elevation and accessibility to water. Other farmers left their mango trees to bear fruit naturally, which resulted in poor production. The capability seminar was attended by both male and female farmers. All of them were satisfied with the inputs given, which focused on the canopy, soil management, flower and pest management, proper harvesting, and post-harvesting. The activity could be an avenue to improve the mango production of the farmers in the area.
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creator: John Ponteras
creator: Elenito Bugawisan
creator: Mayalene Potente
creator: Imelda Mariano
creator: Eldum Limao
creator: Richel Joy Bitgue
creator: Jerome Jorolan
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 John G. Ponteras, Elenito P. Bugawisan, Mayalene M. Potente, Imelda Mariano, Eldum L. Limao, Richel Joy Bitgue, Jerome Jorolan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 62
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.18

A Structural Model of The Factors Affecting Mathematics Performance in Distance Learning Approach
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description: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting mathematics performance in the distance learning approach, determine the correlation between the factors and the students' mathematics performance, determine the factor that best predicts mathematics performance, and generate a model that best fits mathematics performance in the distance learning approach. The study employed a descriptive-correlation research design. Stratified random sampling was used in the selection of 420 respondents. The respondents were first-year students of Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST), Malita, Davao Occidental, taking up Mathematics in the Modern World during the first semester of the school year 2020-2021. Results showed that all factors in the student-related category were high; all factors in the teacher-related category were high; all factors in the digital learning category were high except for low internet connectivity. The mathematics performance of the respondents was average, but none got a failing grade. Teaching skills and computer literacy manifested a significant correlation to the mathematics performance of the respondents. The factors that best predicted mathematics performance in the distance learning scheme during the new normal were teaching skills and computer literacy. Lastly, a model was generated showing that 21% of the data was considered fit to the model.
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creator: Gary Dave Escoton
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Gary Dave Escoton (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 27
ending page: 47
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.17

Relationship Of Learners’ Attitude Towards Science and Distance Learning to Academic Performance in Science
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description: The main objective of the study was to determine the relationship between learners’ attitudes toward science and distance learning to academic performance in Science. The study was conducted using the descriptive-correlational research design. The respondents were Grade 4 pupils of 16 elementary schools in Malita, Davao Occidental. Data were tabulated using percentages, mean, T-test, ANOVA, and Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlational Analysis. Adapted research questionnaires were utilized to gather learners’ attitudes toward science and learners' attitudes toward distance learning. Results revealed that most of the respondents were male. Most of the learners were in the age range of 9-10 years old and did not belong to any ethnic groups. The learners had a very good attitude towards science, with a total mean of 3.97, and their attitude towards distance learning was most of the time observed with a 3.84 total mean, which indicates a positive attitude towards distance learning modality. A significant difference was found in the learners’ attitudes toward science when grouped according to age, gender, and ethnicity. There was a significant relationship between learners’ attitude towards science and their academic performance in science, and it was also found that there was a slight positive correlation between the attitude of the learners in distance learning and academic performance.
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creator: Judelyn Catalan
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Judelyn Catalan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2021-01-30
publication date: 2021-01-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 26
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v4i1.16

Sleep Quality and Laboratory Performance of Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education Studentsof SPAMAST
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description: Sleep is an essential component of human health and well-being, as well as in learning and practice. Several studies have found links between students' sleep and cognitive functions. Sleep has been connected to academic achievement in elementary pupils and high school students in previous studies. However, few were related to students in college, and even fewer dealt with laboratory performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and laboratory performance of college students of SPAMAST. The study employed a descriptive-correlation method. Employing purposive sampling, the researcher selected 63 BTLED students. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the respondents’ sleep quality levels and laboratory performances. Spearman correlation analysis was also employed to test the degree of association between the variables. The results showed that the respondents performed very satisfactorily in their laboratory subjects. Their sleep quality level was fair, which indicated a few problems. The correlation analysis revealed that students’ sleep quality had a negligible correlation with their laboratory performances. The computed p-value of p > 0.05 indicated that the association between the variables was not statistically significant. Further research on students’ sleep quality, expanding the scope of the respondents, and inclusion of other factors related to sleep that may affect laboratory performance were recommended.
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creator: Charlotte Coritico
creator: Jessa Ampan
creator: Aldwin Miranda
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Charlotte Coritico, Jessa L. Ampan, Aldwin T. Miranda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-01-30
publication date: 2020-01-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v3i1.15

Effectiveness of Strategic Materials in Addressing Learning Difficulties in Science 5 Subject
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description: This study evaluated the effectiveness of Strategic Intervention Materials (SIM) in addressing learning difficulties in the Science 5 subject. The study employed a quasi-experimental design. The respondents were the low-performing Grade 5 pupils of three selected public schools in Malita, Davao Occidental. The data were tabulated and analyzed using percentage scores, one-way ANOVA, and T-test. The teacher-made Strategic Intervention Materials (SIMs) and Self-Learning Module (SLM) were utilized to evaluate which learning materials were more effective among low-performing pupils. Results showed that all three schools got a “did not meet expectations” rating during the pretest for both experimental and control groups. However, after the experimental group was exposed to SIM and the control group to SLM, the results showed in the post-test that pupils in the experimental group from Pedro Geverola Lucero ES obtained a “very satisfactory” rating. At the same time, those at Bito ES and Tingolo IS received “satisfactory” ratings. This quantitative finding provided sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, this indicates that there were significant differences between the pretest and post-test scores among the Grade 5 Science pupils.
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creator: Milgrace Palacay
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Milgrace Palacay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-01-30
publication date: 2020-01-30
starting page: 60
ending page: 70
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v3i1.14

Growth And Yield Performance of Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) As Applied with Vermitea as Organic Fertilizer
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description: The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) as applied with vermicompost as an organic fertilizer. The experiment was conducted from November 2019 to February 2020. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and replicated three times as follows: treatment 1 (control); treatment 2 (150 ml of vermitea/liter of water); treatment 3 (200 ml of vermitea/liter of water); treatment 4 (250 ml of vermitea/liter of water); and treatment 5 (300 ml of vermitea/liter of water). The parameters measured were initial plant height (15, 30, and 45 DAP), number of marketable fruits, number of non-marketable fruits, number of fruits harvested, weight of marketable fruits, weight of non-marketable fruits, weight of fruits harvested, yield in tons per hectare, and return on investment. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference in the initial plant height at 15, 30, and 45 days after planting (DAP), as well as the number and weight of marketable fruits. Moreover, there was also a significant difference in the number of fruits harvested. However, there was no significant difference in the number of non-marketable fruits, weight of non-marketable fruits, weight of fruits harvested, and yield in tons/hectare. Treatment 2 achieved the highest return on investment of 68.22%.
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creator: Juvey Remolleno
creator: Leo Radores
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Juvey M. Remolleno, Leo C. Radores (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-01-30
publication date: 2020-01-30
starting page: 37
ending page: 59
doi: 10.64656/spamastrj.v3i1.13